从词源上来看， fallacy 是一个与熟词 fail 同源的单词，两者都源自于拉丁语fallere（本义指“绊倒、使跌倒”，引申指“欺骗、逃避、失败”）。该词最早于15世纪末由拉丁语fallacia（欺骗、诡计）进入英语，主要用来表示“谬论、谬见、谬误”，侧重指一种很多人认为是正确的，但实际上是错误的信念、概念或理论，尤其是基于不合理论证而产生的在正确逻辑上站不住脚的信念、概念或理论

It is a common fallacy that women are worse drivers than men.女性开车不如男性开得好，这是人们常有的谬见。

It's a fallacy that the affluent give relatively more to charity than the less prosperous.认为富人比穷人对慈善事业的捐助更多些的观点是一种谬见。

a statement based on fallacy从这个概念出发，等到了16世纪50年代后， fallacy 进而用在逻辑学领域表示“谬误推理、思维方式谬误”，也就意味着推理中存在错误或缺陷，从而使整个论证无效。比如：基于谬误推理的陈述

We must foster a firmer sense of purpose, fortitude, and self-belief in the whole Party and the Chinese people so that we cannot be swayed by fallacies, deterred by intimidation, or cowed by pressure. We must meet obstacles and difficulties head on, ensure both development and security, and dig deep to surmount the difficulties and challenges on the road ahead. Let us harness our indomitable fighting spirit to open up new horizons for our cause.权威用例增强全党全国各族人民的志气、骨气、底气，不信邪、不怕鬼、不怕压，知难而进、迎难而上，统筹发展和安全，全力战胜前进道路上各种困难和挑战，依靠顽强斗争打开事业发展新天地。

出自党的二十大报告（双语全文）

delusion: a false belief or opinion about yourself or your situation illusion: a false idea or belief sophistry: the use of fallacious arguments, especially with the intention of deceiving同近义词